Archaeology is the new secondary profession introduced in Cataclysm. Available for all (well, once you reach level 20), and trainable in your capital city. I still see people asking about all them blinking lights and what and how, so here goes. Everything you need to know about archaeology to get started!
Once you train yourself the basics, you can find the new skills from your professions tab. Archaeology shows you the basic tab with all the artifacts you have collected previously, ones you are currently gathering and how far you have advanced, and a bit of lore text about each of them. Survey is the actual skill you use when searching for artifact fragments. I suggest placing at least the Survey on your action bars for easy access (and maybe even keybinding it), possibly even Archaeology.